Update DamageableSystem to modern standards (#39417)

* Update DamageableSystem to modern standards

* DamageContainerId -> DamageContainerID with lint flag

* Replace strings with protoids

* Make CVar subscription declarations all consistently whitespaced

* ChangeDamage -> TryChangeDamage, cope with C# jank

* Revert event signature changes

* Restore a comment

* Re-add two queries

* Init the queries

* Use appearanceQuery in DamageChanged

* Use damageableQuery in TryChangeDamage

* Use damageableQuery in SetDamageModifierSetId

* Final cleanup, fix sandboxing

* Rectify ExplosionSystem:::ProcessEntity's call to TryChangeDamage

* Re-organize DamageableSystem

* first big fuck you breaking change.

* THATS A LOT OF DAMAGE!!!

* Fix test fails

* test fixes 2

* push it

---------

Co-authored-by: Princess Cheeseballs <66055347+Pronana@users.noreply.github.com>

Content.IntegrationTests/Tests/Minds/MindTests.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ using Content.Server.Ghost.Roles;
 using Content.Server.Ghost.Roles.Components;
 using Content.Server.Mind;
 using Content.Shared.Damage;
+using Content.Shared.Damage.Components;
 using Content.Shared.Damage.Prototypes;
+using Content.Shared.Damage.Systems;
 using Content.Shared.FixedPoint;
 using Content.Shared.Mind;
 using Content.Shared.Mind.Components;
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ public sealed partial class MindTests
             var damageable = entMan.GetComponent<DamageableComponent>(entity);
             var prototype = protoMan.Index(BluntDamageType);
 
-            damageableSystem.SetDamage(entity, damageable, new DamageSpecifier(prototype, FixedPoint2.New(401)));
+            damageableSystem.SetDamage((entity, damageable), new DamageSpecifier(prototype, FixedPoint2.New(401)));
             Assert.That(mindSystem.GetMind(entity, mindContainerComp), Is.EqualTo(mindId));
         });